This sounds to me like the typical, oh we're not discriminating, there just aren't women [other minorities] who want these jobs, response. Does not cover it. Especially with the subtitle, "Hormones, not sexism, explain why fewer women than men work in banks."
The stereotype of men typically engaging in riskier behavior is often taken at face value and is not actually well established by evidence (pointing to a field like investment banking and conflating risk-taking abilities with sexual discrimination is not "evidence").
In fact, in many studies men and women take risks equally often. I cited a study yesterday that gauged risk-taking in the form of a math test, that found that men and women were nearly equally likely to take risks after the age of 13. Ben Barres (a neuroscientist who's published a lot about discrimination against women in science) has pointed out that women are MUCH more likely to engage in risky behavior in some ways: he gave the examples of the gender ratio of kidney donation, for example, or secretly housing Jewish people during the Holocaust, both of which are undeniably risky and tended to skew way toward women.
They should have mentioned other studies also working on trading behavior in men and women.
Namely, women on the whole take fewer risks, but they also trade less frequently and perform better over long periods of time. Basically, if you take all traders and split them into groups of men and women, the women perform better.
I work in finance as a trader, and as many below have mentioned, sexism in finance is so rampant it's comical.
I have never been in an industry with such a thick glass ceiling, or toleration of near-constant sexual harassment. The world of finance is like a lumbering, racist, sexist dinosaur in a fast moving world. The tech industry has dozens of top female executives. In finance, you can count the women on one hand.
Moreover, the lack of women in trading has to do with both sexism and performance... ism. Namely, women are harassed and mocked, but since women generally have different trading patterns than men, their performance reports read differently. Women and men who trade more conservatively rarely hit those massive 25% single returns, but they also rarely fail so spectacularly as those that do.
Unfortunately, the same mentality that drove our financial world into its current condition also keeps out those who would trade for the long term. People who take massive risks and shine super-bright get all the attention. Those that simmer under the surface, constantly nailing 15% returns never bubble up.
The financial world is littered with the corpses of those who shined so bright only to "lose their touch." They didn't lose their touch. They were fucking lucky.
My purely anecdotal observation is that many of the most sexist men I've ever met worked in finance, and both women I know who worked at brokerage firms both left due to sexual harassment.
I work for an Ivy League business school, and there are plenty of women students with strong finance backgrounds here. Moreover, we have female alumni that are excelling at financial institutions. If anything, too many people are in finance.
And 85 Broads was created by women out of Goldman Sachs.Anyone consider the lack of work/life balance and growing initiatives like 85 Broads being a reason why women aren't in the field in such high numbers YET?
@Sonadelite: 85 Broads is such a great organization, thanks for calling them out.
I can see how finance may not appeal to a lot of women - especially those who want kids. The hours can be brutal. There's high levels of risk and absolute accountability. I'd agree work/life balance is probably a larger factor than hormones...
I've been on the floor of a major exchange, a place where "normal" people aren't usually allowed. And let me tell you, they're not lying about the testosterone. You can smell it. I'd imagine that any woman working there would eventually absorb testosterone by osmosis. I felt like I had five o'clock shadow by the time I left.
It's more masculine than a testicle down there.
However, I will say that I know a few women who are successful investment bankers, and they're no less feminine than any other woman. Additionally, we have a few very successful female brokers in my office. And finally, while progress in the financial world may be slow going for women, take a look at Sheila Bair, Meredith Whitney, and Sallie Krawchek. Say what you will about their management styles, but you can't argue that they wouldn't be where they are forty years ago.
The Economist always loves to take one little point and run with it. Obscure economic indicator down= nation's leader must be ousted! A few people sort of angry= political DOOM!
@Everything MidnightBikeRide does is a balloon.: I'm a subscriber and I haven't ever gotten that impression. I think that their headlines are sometimes a little bit sensational, but once you get into the meat of the articles, they're usually pretty pragmatic and even handed.
@morninggloria: I used to think it was very objective, but whether my perspective has changed or the Economist's has, now I often disagree with article conclusions and/or major points. Plus I think its writing quality has deteriorated since I started reading it years ago. It may be that I just have more information sources - before finding this site and several other great news blogs, the Economist was the only place I could find good economic and political analysis.
@lijakaca: I agree with you that it's deterioriated. It's my source for world news, but not my favorite place for info on the American economy. As much as I hate the editorial page, the WSJ does a better job.
[quote]It was only a matter of time before someone used [..] a biological finding, to justify gender inequalities. [/quote]
Even if that is the case, vehemently denying there could be any truth in the science isn't the way to counteract jackassed comments or regulations as if they needed ANY justification at all, anyway.
@Kali Mama: I think it's most effective to politely point out that a conclusion like the one in the Economist article isn't scientific. Debating it as if it were scientific, I agree, is not the way to go- as with the Larry Summers debacle, you are only accused of "stifling scientific inquiry."
Eh, there've been a lot of studies that find lots of correlation between testosterone levels & risk-taking, male v. female, female v. female, male v. male. I don't think it's out of the realm of possibility that, yes, biological hormones actually do influence our choices and personalities. It's the same thing with all the conversations re: gender segregation in sports: why are we so afraid to admit/acknowledge that there are differences between men & women? It doesn't excuse/accept discrimination, it allows for an honest conversation re: discrimination.
Also, to frame this post as "bad" vs "good" traders, when all the original article & study talked about was attitude towards risk just seems to be inviting a controversy.
@schweppes: If we're going to acknowledge the difference between men and woman, we then also need to acknowledge the difference between men and men and women and women. Otherwise we fail to take into account the individual nature of hormone balances, which may follow patterns in each gender but are by no means uniform from person to person within a given gender (as this study illustrates).
The thing is, discrimination is not just about a blatant attempt to deny a group certain rights or opportunities. It is also very much about how generalizations about a particular group can lead to unintentional denial of rights and opportunities by people who otherwise mean well. For example, a school career counselor who guides an ambitious female student away from finance, because he or she believes that female students are generally not interested in finance, and therefore this student won't be either.
I do believe that, generally speaking, men and women are different. I also believe that most people hear that, don't pay attention to possible nuances, and start applying generalizations to individuals, which ultimately leads to discrimination. Talking about the differences in individual hormone profiles would be helpful,but that takes the discussion to a level of nuance that many people aren't willing to go to.
@Atomic Bowling: I agree with everything you're saying - except the hormonal levels was the EXACT level of nuance that the Economist article went to. To take that and publish this post with this "Oh boy, the Economist thinks us girls are bad bankers because we don't have enough testosterone" title and attitude is what is lowering the level of discourse, not the original article & study.
@schweppes: The trouble is that I'm unconvinced that most studies that attempt to correlate gender with any behavior are scientific, in the sense that they ignore other (I would argue, more plausible) explanations for gender performance differences. I mean, lots of scientists rallied to Larry Summers' side when he made the argument that gender correlates with quantitative reasoning- because we'd be stifling scientific inquiry otherwise!! It's all part of the dialogue! But that sort of claim is not scientific, and it's very harmful to CALL it science, when in fact there is only minimal and cherry-picked evidence for its being true. To the contrary, there is every reason to believe that discrimination itself affects performance (since that HAS been demonstrated), so making claims like Larry Summers did is actually actively damaging. I would argue that those types of arguments shouldn't be allowed space in an "honest conversation," if only because there is no evidence to support them.
@daisen-in: But this was talking about science, this was talking about a real, legitimate, scientific study. This wasn't Larry Summers, this was a short article in the Economist that didn't talk about how women were "bad" traders but rather testosterone correlated with desire to take risk. Let's not throw out a legitimate, interesting discussion just because Larry said some stupid shit.
To your other point re: discussing discrimination affects performance: You're right, a mere mention (even if untrue) that one group is better than another at something will 100% affect performance and cause that to actually become true (Sway is an excellent book on this subject). HOWEVER, does that mean that we cannot study & discuss biological differences in the brain chemistry between the sexes? I would hope not. Really, I refuse to live in a world where we can't talk about large swaths of scientific material because it affects individual performance - - - that's not intellectually responsible. How do you deal with the fact that that discussion can and does affect performance? Through social programs, structural changes, etc. But you can't implement those changes without having a nuanced and responsible understanding of what is going on - - - something you're denying yourself if we're forced to put our collective fingers in our ears.
@schweppes: But I don't think they are unrelated. The co-author on this study, for example, said: "In our sample set, 36 percent of female MBA students chose high-risk financial careers such as investment banking or trading, compared to 57 percent of male students. We wanted to explore whether these gender differences are related to testosterone, which men have, on average, in higher concentrations than women." So the authors themselves are explicitly drawing a connection between career choice and testosterone, when it's certainly within the realm of possibility that discrimination (active or otherwise) is preventing women from entering high-risk financial careers. I would argue that the statement I quoted has a great deal in common with what Larry Summers asserted. I agree with you that the experiment itself is an interesting one, and only one in a long line-up of studies that correlate gender with risk-taking (others of which find that women are equally, if not more, likely to take risks).
@daisen-in: But, in science, every study starts with some sort of hypothesis - - - that's how you pick your sample set, pick your factors, your variables. I don't see how the fact that they had a hypothesis calls into question the study at all.
@schweppes: I think we are in agreement- the experiment itself, as I said, is interesting, and part of a large and complicated body of work. I am only taking issue with the application of the result to the gender gap in this particular career- an application made by the authors themselves.
@daisen-in: So are we really just supposed to look at every study and not try to apply it to day-to-day life? I think it's an interesting concept, one that can be discussed - whether testosterone influences the number of women who choose to go into high-risk i-banking - - - maybe i'm just missing the outrage trigger here.
@schweppes: Well, that's the interesting question, and the issue at the heart of my comment about Larry Summers. Because that is the desire, isn't it? To take the results of a study and apply them to real life. I would argue that the trouble is twofold: 1. Attributing testosterone difference to the gender gap in finance is omitting the other variables that also contribute to career choice- of which discrimination is demonstrably one (and not a smaller-order effect). The author also did not temper the statement by pointing out that other studies with similar experiments have found different results- namely, that there is no measurable gap in risk-taking behavior between men and women. For this reason, the result is not necessarily reproducible, which is troublesome unto itself. 2. Broadly applying the result as they did is not only unscientific in my opinion (for the reasons I said above), but also actively harmful, because it dismisses what may be larger and more active reasons behind the gender gap, like discrimination.
@daisen-in: So just because there's another, even let's say higher-ranked, reason for X, we can't discuss the other variables? It doesn't dismiss other reasons - it results in a nuanced, accurate and intelligent discussion. Again, I refuse to limit the circle of my conversation because it's not just Discrimination! Discrimination! Discrimination!
@schweppes: Well, I disagree that what I've said amounts to just deafly shouting "discrimination" at the authors; do you find a logical fallacy in what I've said? I mean, discrimination may very well BE the largest factor contributing to the gender gap- it's not unreasonable to point that out, and require that it be present in a conversation about the gender ratios that are observed in finance. Ignoring the zeroth order effect and attributing a phenomenon, as the authors may well have done, to a first or second order effect is worthy of critique, surely. That said, of course the other effects are interesting, but what about the point I made about reproducibility? That alone is troublesome. I agree that it's in the interest of nuanced conversation to include other possible reasons for a gender gap, certainly. But this particular explanation, as I've said, doesn't appear to be reproducible from one study to the next, so I wouldn't use the word "accurate" to describe it.
@daisen-in: What's your point about reproducibilty? That there was a study in 1999 that had a different outcome? That more women are kidney donors? This isn't the first (and probably won't be the last) that show a correlation between testosterone and risk-taking. This was the only one that the economist mentioned, but I don't think we need them to do a bibliography for a 5 paragraph note. The whole first paragraph of the economist article talks about discrimination - - - - and how this data can be used to look at it from a different angle. I really don't think every discussion about the ways testosterone affects women in the workplace requires a "But don't forget, women get discriminated against" caveat - - - they can, and maybe should, be discussed independently.
@schweppes: I didn't conflate the 1999 study, which was a scientific analysis, with the fact about kidney donation- they are separate points. It is not comparing apples to oranges to compare one study on gender versus risk-taking to another- to the contrary, a result should be reproducible before it is broadly applied. I can't imagine that we disagree on that.
I think that the crux of our disagreement is instead that I don't think a priori that "women can be discriminated against" is only a caveat. I think it's likely one of the more important factors. And if that's so, attributing a gender gap primarily to testosterone instead of discrimination is not just "a different angle;" that wording implies the effects are at least equal. If they are not comparable effects in magnitude, ignoring the largest effect when explaining a phenomenon is worthy of critique- a point on which we also disagree, I think.
@daisen-in: Fair enough, I didn't read the article that way, and thought that this post was way over the top, you disagree - I think we agree on a lot of more basic points though. Cheers.
You know, this is why I get all crazy about some scientific studies. People will take ONE study (not to mention sometimes poorly controlled or set up studies) and then use that to justify discrimination and injustice.
Whew, I got a hearty chuckle out of TESTOSTERONE discrimination, not GENDER discrimination. Remember when the Supreme Court said that not protecting pregnant women's jobs wasn't discriminating against women, just discriminating against PREGNANT PEOPLE?
08/28/09
The guys play all or nothing. I'm always with the prudent cash reserves.
That said, there are other women in the group who win on the regular so who knows?
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
In fact, in many studies men and women take risks equally often. I cited a study yesterday that gauged risk-taking in the form of a math test, that found that men and women were nearly equally likely to take risks after the age of 13. Ben Barres (a neuroscientist who's published a lot about discrimination against women in science) has pointed out that women are MUCH more likely to engage in risky behavior in some ways: he gave the examples of the gender ratio of kidney donation, for example, or secretly housing Jewish people during the Holocaust, both of which are undeniably risky and tended to skew way toward women.
08/27/09
Namely, women on the whole take fewer risks, but they also trade less frequently and perform better over long periods of time. Basically, if you take all traders and split them into groups of men and women, the women perform better.
I work in finance as a trader, and as many below have mentioned, sexism in finance is so rampant it's comical.
I have never been in an industry with such a thick glass ceiling, or toleration of near-constant sexual harassment. The world of finance is like a lumbering, racist, sexist dinosaur in a fast moving world. The tech industry has dozens of top female executives. In finance, you can count the women on one hand.
Moreover, the lack of women in trading has to do with both sexism and performance... ism. Namely, women are harassed and mocked, but since women generally have different trading patterns than men, their performance reports read differently. Women and men who trade more conservatively rarely hit those massive 25% single returns, but they also rarely fail so spectacularly as those that do.
Unfortunately, the same mentality that drove our financial world into its current condition also keeps out those who would trade for the long term. People who take massive risks and shine super-bright get all the attention. Those that simmer under the surface, constantly nailing 15% returns never bubble up.
The financial world is littered with the corpses of those who shined so bright only to "lose their touch." They didn't lose their touch. They were fucking lucky.
08/27/09
08/27/09
Are there any female-friendly firms out there?
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
And 85 Broads was created by women out of Goldman Sachs.Anyone consider the lack of work/life balance and growing initiatives like 85 Broads being a reason why women aren't in the field in such high numbers YET?
08/27/09
I can see how finance may not appeal to a lot of women - especially those who want kids. The hours can be brutal. There's high levels of risk and absolute accountability. I'd agree work/life balance is probably a larger factor than hormones...
08/27/09
It's more masculine than a testicle down there.
However, I will say that I know a few women who are successful investment bankers, and they're no less feminine than any other woman. Additionally, we have a few very successful female brokers in my office. And finally, while progress in the financial world may be slow going for women, take a look at Sheila Bair, Meredith Whitney, and Sallie Krawchek. Say what you will about their management styles, but you can't argue that they wouldn't be where they are forty years ago.
08/27/09
08/27/09
And they've been pretty forgiving of Obama.
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
Even if that is the case, vehemently denying there could be any truth in the science isn't the way to counteract jackassed comments or regulations as if they needed ANY justification at all, anyway.
08/27/09
08/27/09
Also, to frame this post as "bad" vs "good" traders, when all the original article & study talked about was attitude towards risk just seems to be inviting a controversy.
08/27/09
The thing is, discrimination is not just about a blatant attempt to deny a group certain rights or opportunities. It is also very much about how generalizations about a particular group can lead to unintentional denial of rights and opportunities by people who otherwise mean well. For example, a school career counselor who guides an ambitious female student away from finance, because he or she believes that female students are generally not interested in finance, and therefore this student won't be either.
I do believe that, generally speaking, men and women are different. I also believe that most people hear that, don't pay attention to possible nuances, and start applying generalizations to individuals, which ultimately leads to discrimination. Talking about the differences in individual hormone profiles would be helpful,but that takes the discussion to a level of nuance that many people aren't willing to go to.
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
To your other point re: discussing discrimination affects performance: You're right, a mere mention (even if untrue) that one group is better than another at something will 100% affect performance and cause that to actually become true (Sway is an excellent book on this subject). HOWEVER, does that mean that we cannot study & discuss biological differences in the brain chemistry between the sexes? I would hope not. Really, I refuse to live in a world where we can't talk about large swaths of scientific material because it affects individual performance - - - that's not intellectually responsible. How do you deal with the fact that that discussion can and does affect performance? Through social programs, structural changes, etc. But you can't implement those changes without having a nuanced and responsible understanding of what is going on - - - something you're denying yourself if we're forced to put our collective fingers in our ears.
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09
I think that the crux of our disagreement is instead that I don't think a priori that "women can be discriminated against" is only a caveat. I think it's likely one of the more important factors. And if that's so, attributing a gender gap primarily to testosterone instead of discrimination is not just "a different angle;" that wording implies the effects are at least equal. If they are not comparable effects in magnitude, ignoring the largest effect when explaining a phenomenon is worthy of critique- a point on which we also disagree, I think.
08/27/09
08/27/09
*sigh*
Maybe risk-taking is not such a great behavior to have? See: our current economic downturn.
08/27/09
08/27/09
08/27/09